Example sentences of "[prep] employers [unc] " in BNC.
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| 1 | You could also look to outside advisory agencies for assistance , such as employers ' associations , training organizations , and specialized bodies for articles and literature such as the British Institute of Management , or the Institute of Personnel Management . |
| 2 | Thus the criminal law defines only some types of avoidable killing as murder : it excludes , for example , deaths resulting from acts of negligence , such as employers ' failure to maintain safe working conditions in factories and mines ( Swartz 1975 ) ; or deaths resulting from an organization 's reluctance to maintain appropriate safety standards ( Erickson 1976 ) ; or deaths which result from governmental agencies ' giving environmental health risks a low priority ( Liazos 1972 ) ; or deaths resulting from drug manufacturers ' failure to conduct adequate research on new chemical compounds before embarking on aggressive marketing campaigns ( Silverman and Lee 1974 ) ; or deaths from a dangerous drug that was approved by health authorities on the strength of a bribe from a pharmaceutical company ( Braithwaite and Geis 1981 ) ; or deaths resulting from car manufacturers refusing to recall and repair thousands of known defective vehicles because they calculate that the costs of meeting civil damages will be less ( Swigert and Farrell 1981 ) ; and in most jurisdictions deaths resulting from drunken or reckless people driving cars with total indifference to the potential cost in terms of human lives are also excluded . |
| 3 | The on-costs on labour such as employers ' national insurance contributions , CITB levy , holidays with pay scheme and other more indirect on-costs such as allowances for severance pay and legislation affecting employment , sick pay , allowance for employer 's liability and third party insurance , will be processed through both the cost and financial accounts . |
| 4 | The probable significance of all this is that it is mistaken to attempt to generalize about employers ' attitudes to young workers . |
| 5 | The aim of the project is to obtain basic information about employers ' policies and practices in the recruitment and management of the work-force , and in particular to establish how far such policies and practices have changed in recent years . |
| 6 | The proposal is for employers ' contributions to begin on the first pound of earnings . |
| 7 | To ask the Secretary of State for Social Security what would be the estimated cost to business if the lower earnings limit for employers ' national insurance contributions were abolished . |
| 8 | Later Friedman ( 1975 ) shifted position somewhat in that he allowed for employers ' mistakes concerning the behaviour of the real wage rate : the ex post real wage need never deviate from its market clearing value for fluctuations in the level of employment around its natural value to occur . |
| 9 | This is composed of 50 per cent scientists and a leavening of employers ' and employees ' representatives . |
| 10 | Objective evidence of employers ' bias in the recruitment was found by Jolly et al. |
| 11 | It is therefore necessary to consider on a cross-national basis for industrialised market ( or mixed ) economies the genesis and evolution of employers ' associations , external to the firm or enterprise , which have typified collective bargaining arrangements with unions in most Western European countries . |
| 12 | In Japan the influential Federation of Employers ' Associations ( Nikkeiren ) draws up wage-bargaining guidelines which are often worked out by bodies where the major undertakings that will apply them are represented . |
| 13 | Although dual employer structuring may be common in some industries , nevertheless our main concern is more specifically with the origins and development of employers ' associations themselves , which will now be delineated . |
| 14 | The genesis of employers ' associations , however , was not only as a response to trade union growth and militancy because to some degree it was , in addition , a reaction to economic pressures . |
| 15 | At an even earlier date in Australia , the development of employers ' associations had been facilitated by government intervention and by the increasing complexity of the legislative , labour-management framework ( see Chapter 5 ) . |
| 16 | It is apparent from these factors that , although it is sometimes assumed ( by drawing on the basis of US experience , for instance ) that the main driving-force behind the establishment and growth of employers ' associations is related to market or ‘ economic ’ factors , wider international evidence suggests that a more eclectic explanation is required . |
| 17 | In France Sellier ( 1978 ) has pointed out that the ( late ) appearance of employers ' organisations oriented towards labour rather than commercial interests , in 1919 and again in 1936 , corresponded to two periods of social crisis and state intervention towards resolving it . |
| 18 | The role of political pressures such as these as a major influence upon the development of employers ' associations has been emphasised by Adams ( 1981 ) , who puts forward a theory to account for the broad differences between Western Europe and the USA both in the extent of organisation among employers themselves and in their behaviour towards trade unions . |
| 19 | This , too , encouraged the growth of employers ' associations because non-members would then join in order to have a voice in determining bargaining outcomes which affected them . |
| 20 | Since association ( or multi-employer ) bargaining became a major part of the industrial relations systems of these countries the specific collective bargaining role of employers ' associations now requires more detailed analysis . |
| 21 | There is no doubt that the growth and authority of employers ' associations has had a major influence both upon the development and the direction of collective bargaining in many countries . |
| 22 | Similarly in the pre-1914 period in Germany the authority of employers ' organisations over their members helped the attainment of an earlier recognition of collective bargaining ( outside manufacturing industry ) , 6 in contrast to its much later acceptance in France . |
| 23 | The tight organisational structure of employers ' associations both in Sweden and West Germany has also helped to make the lock-out ( which is rarely used in most other countries ) a potent weapon in contemporary industrial relations to be used , on occasion , against the unions . |
| 24 | Although the central confederations of employers ' associations are usually much less involved in collective bargaining than are the industry associations , nevertheless in a few countries the peak organisations do play a major role . |
| 25 | At industry level , multi-employer bargaining under the auspices of employers ' associations continues to play an important role in Western European countries such as Germany , France , Sweden and Italy . |
| 26 | However , although it is possible to identify a number of common facilitating factors in the development of employers ' associations in various countries there are also some important differences both between and within countries , particularly in the extent to which these bodies engage in direct negotiating activities on behalf of their members . |
| 27 | From the evidence of a 10-country study , Gladstone ( 1984 ) notes that the activities , structure and functions of employers ' associations do show a good deal of inter country variation , often a reflection of distinctive historical experiences and a particular course of industrialisation with resultant differences in the environment in which a country 's industrial relations system has to operate . |
| 28 | The most comprehensive international survey of the functions and activities of employers ' associations is Windmüller and Gladstone ( 1984 ) . |
| 29 | A more analytical investigation of a small number of Western European countries and the role of employers ' organisations in collective bargaining is Sisson ( 1984 ) . |
| 30 | Certain kinds of employers ' combinations seem to have been hindered by antitrust legislation and this may help to explain the generally low level of organisation among employers . |