Example sentences of "and by [art] [noun sg] " in BNC.
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| 31 | Thus two-party systems in the twentieth century became established where there was a clear division between two major classes ( Britain providing a good example ) , whereas systems with several parties have emerged in conditions where such class divisions were complicated by religious differences , by the existence of a significantly large peasantry , by divisions in the working-class movement between socialist and communist parties , and by a variety of other cultural factors and historical legacies . |
| 32 | Input supplied by video and audio cassette and by a variety of documents ( in the information file ) . |
| 33 | In the language of semiotics , high modernism would be characterized by the radical separation of the signifier from the real ( and social ) and by a formalism of the signifying material . |
| 34 | Most rape is done by individual men , not gangs , and by a man to a woman he knows , not a total stranger ; most rape does not involve weapons and is intra-not inter-racial , in that black men usually rape black women and white men rape white women , while rape across racial groups is unusual . |
| 35 | Great-grandson to King Edward the third , and by a branch senior to Lancaster , even though his descent came through a woman . |
| 36 | And by a minister who was never elected ? |
| 37 | Bhd. v. Non-Metallic Mineral Products Manufacturing Employees Union [ 1981 ] A.C. 363 , 370e–f and by a majority in this House in In re A Company [ 1981 ] A.C. 374 , 384b–d and 390f–391d . |
| 38 | One advantage is that minority shareholders in the target can be compelled to sell their shares pursuant to the scheme provided the scheme is sanctioned by the court and by a majority of shareholders in number representing 75 per cent in value of those present and voting , in person or by proxy , at the meeting convened to approve the scheme . |
| 39 | The ruling has been attacked by local shopkeepers and by a member of the town council . |
| 40 | The project had been effectively nullified by the UN embargo on Iraq following its invasion of Kuwait , and by a decision by the US Congress during the ensuing Gulf war to stiffen a sanctions law preventing technology transfers , including non-military , to countries producing missiles . |
| 41 | The NSC in 1982 ceded its powers to a Grand National Assembly , when a new Constitution was approved by the Assembly and by a referendum . |
| 42 | It was greatly fortified by an army research unit based in the United Kingdom , and by a unit established in Australia where antimalarials were systematically evaluated in controlled clinical trials in army volunteers . |
| 43 | In a quarter of the schools , ‘ work was constrained by limited space and by a lack of other facilities such as a water supply ’ . |
| 44 | Those who score highly overall on Machiavellian behaviour will be characterized by the use of guile and deceit in interpersonal relationships , by a cynical view of other people and by a lack of concern for conventional morality . |
| 45 | Ultimately , the role of planning is limited by the restricted powers available and by a lack of co-ordination with other public and quasi-public agencies . |
| 46 | O. glacialis can be distinguished from O. purpureus by the absence of tentacle scales ; the shape and position of the second oral tentacle scales and by a lack of dorsal arm plates . |
| 47 | A Greek presence is attested by the altars to Astarte and Hercules and by a gold betrothal ring inscribed in Greek to Aemilia . |
| 48 | In the case of a 3X potency the surface area could be increased by a factor of 1000 , and by a factor of one million in the case of a 6X potency . |
| 49 | That working-class wages would remain at subsistence level — the fact is that the real wage of the average worker has increased by a factor of over ten between 1900–70 in the UK and by a factor of fourteen in the U S over the same period ; that collective ownership of the means of production would result in an increase of wealth for the workers and so improve their lot — the fact is that in both Russia and Cuba it has been necessary to restore discipline in factories by introducing a military routine with the surplus value being siphoned off by the state ; that communist revolutions would start in such advanced industrial countries such as Britain , France , America and Germany — the fact is that a socialist revolution has taken place in none of these countries ; that conflicts between states are the results of capitalism and will cease under communism — the fact is that in the streets of Budapest and Prague , in Afghanistan and on the Soviet-Chinese border we have seen the power of the Red Army being used against fellow communists ; that the income difference between capitalists and workers will rise — the fact is that in all industrial countries the effective after-tax , after-benefits real income gap between rich and poor has diminished ; that capitalism will collapse because of its internal contradictions — the fact is that capitalism has not collapsed in any Western country , yet . |
| 50 | The same argument was propounded by the Iranian-backed Shia Hezbollah group and by a contingent of Iranian Revolutionary Guards stationed in Lebanon . |
| 51 | Executive power is exercised by a Prime Minister ( who is elected by Parliament from amongst its members ) and by a Council of Ministers which consists of MPs appointed by the Prime Minister . |
| 52 | Executive power is exercised by a Prime Minister ( who is elected by Parliament from among its members ) and by a Council of Ministers which consists of MPs appointed by the Prime Minister . |
| 53 | Their caravan was joined by a small Nez Perce group resident in the valley , and by a half-blood called Lean Elk or Poker Joe . |
| 54 | To the extent that this extra lending is to the UK private sector ( item 3 ) , money supply will increase , and by a multiple of the initial increase in liquidity ( item 1 ) . |
| 55 | Assistance is typically provided by a nurse manager and by a business manager ; these ‘ assistants ’ have concerns with the collection and interpretation of information , the planning and monitoring of directorate activity . |
| 56 | Africa , for instance , is characterized by areas of domal uplift , from 500 to 2000 km across and by a prevalence of high elevations along its continental margins . |
| 57 | Wolski was one of the fifty or so who survived the escape and the remaining months of the war and by a succession of chances so slight , so unpredictable , so arbitrary that they would banish from his mind for ever the belief that there was any sense or pattern to this life , he found his way to Britain in 1945 . |
| 58 | These troops have been fighting TITO up till 8 May , when an armistice was agreed on , and by a subterfuge , they have contrived to cross the Drau and accept internment in British prison camps . |
| 59 | Of course , Freud , to whom we owe this discovery , did not arrive at it by way of evolutionary theory ; on the contrary , he reached his conclusions by direct observation of adults and children and by a study of the psychology of human sexuality . |
| 60 | The verbatim reproduction in print of the political speech was an expensive exercise which was not usually rewarded with increased sales and so , by the 1900s , the political leader and the political speech had been replaced with shortened accounts and by a flood of ‘ news ’ stories . |