Example sentences of "by [noun] law " in BNC.
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| 1 | The Act provides no definition of what amounts to a reasonable excuse and what little guidance there is , is provided by case law . |
| 2 | First , on the general anti-fraud provisions contained in the Securities Act 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act 1934 ( SEA ) , as developed by case law ; and second , on what has recently emerged as the SEC 's new and potentially most potent weapon — the misappropriation theory . |
| 3 | Such derogations had been authorised by case law , for example , Officier van Justitie v. Kramer ( Joined Cases 3/76 , 4/76 , 6/76 ) [ 1976 ] E.C.R. 1279 ; Commission of the European Communities v. Federal Republic of Germany ( Case 205/84 ) [ 1986 ] E.C.R. 3755 ( on insurance ) ; United Kingdom v. Commission of the European Communities ( Case 61/86 ) [ 1988 ] E.C.R. 431 and Commission of the European Communities v. Council of the European Communities ( Case 51/87 ) [ 1988 ] E.C.R. 5459 . |
| 4 | By case law the definition applies when this pattern has existed for three years or more . |
| 5 | In past centuries , when few statutes were enacted , common law constituted the main body of English law ; today , it has been largely but not wholly displaced by statute law . |
| 6 | It also stated that the RSFSR " reserves the right freely to leave the USSR " according to procedures established by USSR law . |
| 7 | For example , a condition of official listing on the stock exchange of any member state is that disclosure is made of certain matters required by Community law ( see pp. 47–9 ) . |
| 8 | The right of establishment granted by Community law includes a right for a company incorporated in one member state ( the home member state ) to establish a branch in another member state ( the host member state ) . |
| 9 | The conclusion of the majority of the Court of Appeal was that the court was bound by Community law to require an undertaking in damages from the council if an interlocutory injunction was to be granted . |
| 10 | also concluded that the court was required to protect rights conferred by Community law ; and in the circumstances he concluded that the exercise of the judge 's discretion against requiring an undertaking in damages from the council could not be justified ( see pp. 1004–1005 ) . |
| 11 | The possibility of obtaining damages from the state is particularly essential where , as in the present case , the full effect of Community provisions is conditional on the state taking certain action , and , in consequence , in the absence of such action being taken , individuals can not rely on the rights accorded to them by Community law before national courts . |
| 12 | There was no express provision in Community law dealing with the resolution of any conflicts between , for example , free access to the fishing grounds of the other member states ( which had been restricted by Community law itself ) and stability of the national fisheries markets . |
| 13 | L 288 , p. 1 ) , in conjunction with the thirteenth recital in the Preamble thereto , from which it appeared that the principle of non-discrimination was one of the ‘ minimum requirements ’ laid down by Community law in that field . |
| 14 | Consequently , any rules incompatible with those provisions are also incompatible with article 7 … 13. … [ which ] applies independently only to situations governed by Community law in regard to which the Treaty lays down no specific prohibition of discrimination . |
| 15 | That argument might have some merit only if the requirements laid down by Community law with regard to the exercise by the member states of the powers which they retained with regard to the registration of vessels conflicted with the rules of international law . |
| 16 | In the light of this , it is worth noting that Article B of the Maastricht Treaty states that one of the objectives of the Union would be to maintain in full the ‘ acquis communautaire ’ , and build on it , which implies that there is to be no going back on the matters already governed by Community law . |
| 17 | As we have already seen , at least one Act of Parliament has been overridden by Community law . |
| 18 | Some firms of solicitors have offices in Brussels so that they can provide a good quality of service to their clients whose interests are governed directly by Community law . |
| 19 | Whenever a specific sanction is not prescribed by Community Law , it is left to the discretion of the Member States to choose among the different solutions suitable to achieve the objective of the provision infringed . |
| 20 | The sanction imposed is real and effective since it satisfied all three conditions required by Community law ; it is adequate in relation to the damage sustained by the claimant , since the claimant is put in the position in which she would have been had the discriminatory refusal to hire her not occurred , both as concerns the post of employment and the income therefrom ; it has a real deterrent effect on the defendant bank who will not only have to pay the amount of about seven years ' monthly salary , plus interest , but will furthermore find itself with an additional employee ( the claimant and the man hired in her stead ) ; it is the same sanction as the one imposed for any other illegal refusal to hire . |
| 21 | erm what I was putting to you was , do you , do you say that even if it would as a matter of pure English law , it is overridden by community law erm , er , er at least er , at least for the time being |
| 22 | The requirement effect on trade which member states of jurisdiction requirement , it is jurisdictionable because it is the first task that the commissioner of the court should undertake when considering quote from wind surfing get in constant and the concept and agreement which may effect trade is intended to define in the law governing cartels the boundary between the areas , respectively covered by community law and national law , it is not necessary law for the competition effected by the alleged restriction and the trade which is effected between members of states to be the same , an example in the defendants list of authorities it 's in the principal and in that case the restriction of competition arose in relation to a product possible spirits which was itself used to manufacture other products namely cognac , it was argued that the that since there was no trade between members of state and possible spirits there could be no effect upon trade between member of states and so twenty five could not apply , the court accepted that factual premise , there is no trade between member of state and import of spirits , but rejected the legal conclusion , they concluded that is was necessary for there to be an effect upon trade in the market where the restrictions occurred , they was trading another product which was related to possible spirits , and of course stated , it must be observed in that respect that any agreement who 's object to effect is to a strict competition by fixing minimum prices for an intermediate product is capable of effecting intro community trade , even if there is no trading in that intermediate product between members of state , that the product constitutes the raw material of another project marketing elsewhere |
| 23 | However , above a critical concentration a sharp descending interface was observed between a convecting upper clear region and a non-convecting lower region in which there was unimpeded sedimentation by Stokes law . |
| 24 | By Graham Law |
| 25 | By Graham Law |
| 26 | By Graham Law |
| 27 | By Graham Law |
| 28 | By Graham Law |
| 29 | By Graham Law |
| 30 | By Graham Law |