Example sentences of "[prep] employers [unc] associations " in BNC.
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| 1 | You could also look to outside advisory agencies for assistance , such as employers ' associations , training organizations , and specialized bodies for articles and literature such as the British Institute of Management , or the Institute of Personnel Management . |
| 2 | It is therefore necessary to consider on a cross-national basis for industrialised market ( or mixed ) economies the genesis and evolution of employers ' associations , external to the firm or enterprise , which have typified collective bargaining arrangements with unions in most Western European countries . |
| 3 | In Japan the influential Federation of Employers ' Associations ( Nikkeiren ) draws up wage-bargaining guidelines which are often worked out by bodies where the major undertakings that will apply them are represented . |
| 4 | Although dual employer structuring may be common in some industries , nevertheless our main concern is more specifically with the origins and development of employers ' associations themselves , which will now be delineated . |
| 5 | The genesis of employers ' associations , however , was not only as a response to trade union growth and militancy because to some degree it was , in addition , a reaction to economic pressures . |
| 6 | At an even earlier date in Australia , the development of employers ' associations had been facilitated by government intervention and by the increasing complexity of the legislative , labour-management framework ( see Chapter 5 ) . |
| 7 | It is apparent from these factors that , although it is sometimes assumed ( by drawing on the basis of US experience , for instance ) that the main driving-force behind the establishment and growth of employers ' associations is related to market or ‘ economic ’ factors , wider international evidence suggests that a more eclectic explanation is required . |
| 8 | The role of political pressures such as these as a major influence upon the development of employers ' associations has been emphasised by Adams ( 1981 ) , who puts forward a theory to account for the broad differences between Western Europe and the USA both in the extent of organisation among employers themselves and in their behaviour towards trade unions . |
| 9 | This , too , encouraged the growth of employers ' associations because non-members would then join in order to have a voice in determining bargaining outcomes which affected them . |
| 10 | Since association ( or multi-employer ) bargaining became a major part of the industrial relations systems of these countries the specific collective bargaining role of employers ' associations now requires more detailed analysis . |
| 11 | There is no doubt that the growth and authority of employers ' associations has had a major influence both upon the development and the direction of collective bargaining in many countries . |
| 12 | The tight organisational structure of employers ' associations both in Sweden and West Germany has also helped to make the lock-out ( which is rarely used in most other countries ) a potent weapon in contemporary industrial relations to be used , on occasion , against the unions . |
| 13 | Although the central confederations of employers ' associations are usually much less involved in collective bargaining than are the industry associations , nevertheless in a few countries the peak organisations do play a major role . |
| 14 | At industry level , multi-employer bargaining under the auspices of employers ' associations continues to play an important role in Western European countries such as Germany , France , Sweden and Italy . |
| 15 | However , although it is possible to identify a number of common facilitating factors in the development of employers ' associations in various countries there are also some important differences both between and within countries , particularly in the extent to which these bodies engage in direct negotiating activities on behalf of their members . |
| 16 | From the evidence of a 10-country study , Gladstone ( 1984 ) notes that the activities , structure and functions of employers ' associations do show a good deal of inter country variation , often a reflection of distinctive historical experiences and a particular course of industrialisation with resultant differences in the environment in which a country 's industrial relations system has to operate . |
| 17 | The most comprehensive international survey of the functions and activities of employers ' associations is Windmüller and Gladstone ( 1984 ) . |
| 18 | In Italy , Cella and Treu ( 1982 ) maintain that the structure and initiatives of employers ' associations have tended to be a response to , rather than a determinant of , those of trade unions . |
| 19 | Although Clegg identifies the structure and attitudes of employers ' associations and managements as the main , direct influences on the dimensions of bargaining themselves , in fact , the determinants of collective bargaining receive little detailed attention in his work . |
| 20 | Many in the last decade have chosen to be independent in the way they handle trade unions and collective bargaining rather than rely , as in the past , on employers ' associations and multi employer bargaining . |
| 21 | The study builds on earlier work on employers ' associations and training policy in the same four industries . |