Example sentences of "by which [adj] " in BNC.
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| 1 | DR PETER MITCHELL , the biochemist who has died aged 71 , won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1978 for his achievement in explaining the chemical processes by which living cells generate energy from food . |
| 2 | Product differentiation is the process by which specific features , characteristics and attributes are built in to the product or service So that the consumer perceives it to be in some way different from ( and preferably superior to ) competing products . |
| 3 | Moreover , even if the existence of distinct social classes is conceded , their ‘ objective interests ’ , by which Soviet historians set so much store , are far from self-evident . |
| 4 | It declared that the independent Republic of Latvia proclaimed on Nov. 18 , 1918 , and recognized internationally in 1920 , was still in existence de jure , as was the Aug. 11 , 1920 , peace treaty by which Soviet Russia had recognized Latvia 's independence in perpetuity . |
| 5 | This became extended through the process of emulation , by which lower groups in the hierarchy sought to copy the higher groups , a strategy so fundamental that Veblen believed it to be the foundation for the concept of private property ( 1970 : 33–40 ) . |
| 6 | Access Courses and the Evening Degree Programme , are the two major channels by which wider entry to the University has been promoted . |
| 7 | One most destructive mode by which vast numbers are destroyed is that of chasing the birds in a boat at the time they shed their primary quill-feathers , when being unable to fly they are soon rowed down and captured ; this practice , which is to be much regretted , is usually resorted to for the sake of the beautiful down with which the breasts are clothed , but not unfrequently is mere wantonness . |
| 8 | Although the mechanism by which dowsing works is not understood , the method has been shown to be capable of accurately locating buried archaeological features . |
| 9 | Here we can see a rather different perspective on the human alienation which Lukács describes ; in Foucault 's account , Marxism 's attempt to reproduce the totality in itself falls within the terms of his argument by which totalizing theories of history are based on an anxiety derived from the break-up of its unity . |
| 10 | The means by which competing public policy goals are to be traded off against one another and yet , at the same time , housed within a satisfactory regulatory framework is a task which all regulatory authorities , whatever the jurisdiction , face . |
| 11 | By analogy , shows the marginal per capita crowding costs , i.e. the amount by which crowding costs increase as the population increases . |
| 12 | And , second , what are the processes by which developmental change occurs ? |
| 13 | Manual workers in Western democracies are thoroughly co-opted into the exploitative international trade relations by which multi-national corporations and Western states maintain the dependent position of less developed countries on which the prosperity of advanced capitalism is based . |
| 14 | Taken together , all these requirements constitute a set of minimum professional standards by which individual practitioners can be assessed and judged . |
| 15 | The haphazard state of the law left bribery the only effective method by which individual commoners could cushion the action and demands of officials . |
| 16 | The Fulton Report therefore suggested that the PESC system should adopt programme analysis and review ( PAR ) — a technique by which individual programmes selected by Cabinet could be systematically analysed . |
| 17 | The scriptible/lisible distinction represents a scale of values by which individual texts may be evaluated . |
| 18 | However , after several years of poor livestock production , a record 24,500,000 head were reported in 1989 ; the government attributed this partly to a contract and leasing system introduced in 1988 [ see also p. 36704 ] , by which rural workers contracted to supply specified products for wages , with their collective or the state farm supplying cattle , implements , machinery and land . |
| 19 | It was CIPP which first recommended the abolition — announced earlier this week — of the controversial system of crime screening , by which many offences were not investigated because of a lack of evidence . |
| 20 | Centralised records provide the means by which many people may have access to the same body of information , regardless of their physical situation . |
| 21 | The elder who spoke those words was opposing the idea of an Easter communion , but unwittingly he was revealing the attitude of a great many Scots Protestants towards the Lord 's Supper , the name by which many call communion . |
| 22 | While I fully accept that the poor have become a cause by which many politicians and intellectuals can further their personal ambitions , I do nevertheless find that the Hayekian case is deficient . |
| 23 | HYDROLYSIS by phospholipase C ( PLC ) of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate is a key mechanism by which many extracellular signalling molecules regulate functions of their target cells . |
| 24 | The returns for Lothingland and Mutford hundreds , Suffolk , permit a rare glimpse of the mechanics by which many assessments were revalued , under the heading ‘ The namys of those personys forgotyn and not charged at the last subsidie which are to be charged now ’ . |
| 25 | Our knowledge , however , of the methods by which many Soviet statistical series are produced is limited . |
| 26 | With the patterns within responsible for generating the patterns without , we can clearly perceive the process by which each creature is a whole . |
| 27 | In its report , The Fight Against Fraud ( HL Paper 44 , HMSO , £6.60 ) , the Committee calls on the Commission to draw up a specific action programme for the Council of Ministers to consider , setting out the times by which each element is to be completed and requiring that progress reports , accompanied by a report from the Court of Auditors , should be submitted to the European and national Parliaments . |
| 28 | Man stands over against the awful otherness of God , by which his own existence is challenged , questioned and judged ; but in faith he finds the power nonetheless to live in that encounter with God by which each present moment becomes a meeting with eternity . |
| 29 | When an international organisation is unable to meet its liabilities , the Members are obliged to stand in , according to the amount by which each Member is assessed for contributions to the organisation 's budget . |
| 30 | We also need the operation.of logical complement or Not , by which each zero bit becomes a one and each one a zero . |