| No | Pattern | Freq | Relations |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | by [v-ing] [n mass] [verb] | 27 |
|
| 2 | by [v-ing] people [verb] | 18 |
|
| 3 | by [v-ing] [n mass] [to-vb] | 12 |
|
| 4 | by [v-ing] [n mass] [vb infin] | 7 |
|
| 5 | by making [n mass] [verb] | 5 |
|
